Global Warming And Climate Change Myths - 950 Words

â€Å"If you want to go beyond that small percentage of people who are already environmentally and scientifically aware, you have to make your work somehow link with a passion, interest, or profession of someone who isn t interested in science or nature† (Nalini Nadkarni, n.d.). Like most who are not fully educated on a subject until they research it or take a course on it, I was not aware of the overall importance or impact that environmental science had on my everyday life and the world around me. One of the major things that have been brought to my attention in this course is environmental issues, and what I can do to help improve them. One of the convincing arguments that have not only shaped my attitude, but cleared a lot of things up for me was reading and learning about Global Warming and climate change myths. One of the myths on the list that stood out to me was, â€Å"They changed the name from ‘Global Warming’ to ‘Climate Change’ † (Global Warming Climate Change Myths, 2016). According to the scientists, both terms actually mean two different things, and have both been used for decades, proving that myth to be false. Another big myth that seems to occupy the minds of a very large part of the world’s population is, â€Å"It’s not an urgent situation.† To this, scientists have responded (and I fully agree) with, â€Å"A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points† (Global Warming Climate Change Myths, 2016). Another topic thatShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming4031 Words   |  17 PagesResearch Paper on Climate Change: The Myth of Global Warming DEDICATION This Research Paper is lovingly dedicated to our respective parents who have been our constant source of inspiration. They have given us the drive and discipline to tackle any task with enthusiasm and determination. Without their love and support this project would not have been made possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following group and individuals to the developmentRead MoreResearch Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming4045 Words   |  17 PagesResearch Paper on Climate Change: The Myth of Global Warming DEDICATION This Research Paper is lovingly dedicated to our respective parents who have been our constant source of inspiration. They have given us the drive and discipline to tackle any task with enthusiasm and determination. Without their love and support this project would not have been made possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following group and individuals to the developmentRead MoreClimate Change is NOT a Myth, It is Reality Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pagesfeeling that climate change may be an issue as severe as a war. It may be necessary to put democracy on hold for a while. - James Lovelock (Hickman, 2010) Climate change is a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, mostly due to the increase in the average atmospheric temperature (global warming). According to National Snow Ice Data Center (2012), the most commonly used definition of climate change is a change in the statisticalRead MoreGo To This Website, Which Is Hosted By Skeptical Science.1046 Words   |  5 Pagesof the myths about climate change. †¢ List two of the myths that you found most interesting. †¢Outline what each myth is, and what the right answer to that question or item is. Has your view on climate change evolved since before taking this course? Why or why not? Choose one the Review Questions from this week’s reading and answer it in full. Please tell me how the course is going for you so far? Is it hard, â€Å"just right†, or easy? 1. This link covers many of the myths about climate change. †¢ ListRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Greenhouse Gases1720 Words   |  7 PagesMany people know that global warming is an issue in today’s world because news media and politicians always talk about global warming and the greenhouse gasses. It seems like an issue that is not going to go away, and it is going to stick around for some time. As early as in 2006, Al Gore, the former vice-president of the United States, said that the burning of the fossil fuels was one of the reasons that increased the amount of carbon dioxide, and he said that if carbon dioxide could melt the polarRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Earth1577 Words   |  7 Pagesheated up by the sun’s rays. Because of this, another phenomenon has come to be. It is known as global warming. Global warming is constant rise in the global average temperature near the surface of the earth. Although to some, global warming is nothing more than a myth, a rumor to scare the race into rethinking thei r selfish acts, but global warming is no myth. I believe that global warming is far from a myth, it is real and it is dangerous. The evidence is all around us. If you look to the stars, youRead MoreEssay on Global Warming1343 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming first mentioned by ‘Svante August Arrhenius in 1896’, but in ‘1753, Joseph Black discovered carbon dioxide’ and in ‘1827, Jean-Batiste Fourier suggested that atmospheric effect kept the earth warmer than it would otherwise be’, (Direct.gov. n.d. A history of climate change). Since this time, reports, and study have be done with graphs to show the impact of global warming and what could happen to our planet. In 1979, the first conference was held this was called ‘International climateRead MoreGlobal Warming1410 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming was first mentioned by ‘Svante August Arrhenius in 1896’, but in ‘1753, Joseph Black discovered carbon dioxideâ€℠¢ and in ‘1827, Jean-Batiste Fourier suggested that atmospheric effect kept the earth warmer than it would otherwise be’, (Direct.gov. n.d. A history of climate change). Since this time, reports, and study have be done with graphs to show the impact of global warming and what could happen to our planet. In 1979, the first conference was held this was called ‘International climateRead MoreGlobal Warming Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 2014 Global Warming Essay The idea of global became prevalent when the world began industrializing. As the popularity of cars grew and industrial factories began to spring up the air quality suffered. The problem was not recognized because, aside from a few orange skies, there were no obvious effects. Although in this day and age we can see what global warming is doing to our Earth, there are still those people who believe that humans are too small to make an impact. Global warming is tooRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography on Global Warming1303 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography on Global Warming: Fact or Fiction Fumento, Michael. â€Å"The Cooling Off on Global Warming.† The Washington Times 8 July 1999: 15. LexisNexis Academic . Academic Universe. W. I. Dykes Lib., University of Houston-Downtown. 20 Feb. 2010 http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.uhd.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/ Fumento explains that a nonprofit group called Public Agenda and American Geophysical Union (AGU) has reported on public frustration about global warming and other pollutants. This

Who Is Diagnosed With Type Two Diabetes Essay - 1307 Words

Introduction There are many individuals who are diagnosed with type two diabetes who do not truly know what it is, or chooses not to take it seriously. My grandmother is someone who has suffered with this for over twenty years, and still fails to realize how important it is to maintain good habits to stay healthy and alive. The cause of this disease is from being obese, and for my Nanny that was a hard thing to accept. Although she was married and seemed to be happy to others, that was far from the truth. She suffered from many years due to an emotionally abusive relationship. When she was diagnosed with diabetes the struggles and abuse seemed to grow worse. She found out that my grandfather had been cheating on her with various women and divorced him immediately. A few years after she was diagnosed with diabetes, she allowed her blood sugar to get dangerously high and ended up in the hospital. Since then she has been obsessive with keeping it low, and sometimes too low. She also bec ame obsessive with losing extra weight she had, but did not handle it in the proper way. Instead of problems with high blood sugar she now has problems with low blood sugar, and we have almost lost her several times. This is an example of someone who is not properly educated on the many factors that come along with type two diabetes and how to cope with it appropriately. It is our job to inform those who suffer from this life changing disease on proper ways to deal with type two diabetes beforeShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Rise Children with Diabetes in the United States641 Words   |  3 PagesStates and in many other countries around the world more children are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In the past, children who were diagnosed with diabetes were diagnosed with type 1. Type 1 diabetes affects many children in which they are unable to produce insulin. However, as times have changed children are now being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes which is a chronic illness that u sually affects adults. Type 2 diabetes develops when the person is not able to produce enough insulin, and if insulinRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And The American Diabetes Association1472 Words   |  6 PagesTreatment There are a few main areas to look at when talking about treating type one diabetes according to the American Diabetes Association. One of those areas is monitoring your blood glucose levels. Blood glucose is also known as blood sugar and checking this regularly will help your doctors ensure that your medication is effectively treating your condition. The American Diabetes Association recommends keeping a blood glucose log, and patients can find one on their website. A few complicationsRead MoreAdult Diabetes And Insulin Dependent Type Diabetes Mellitus ( Iddm )1624 Words   |  7 PagesType I Diabetes Type I Diabetes was once referred to as Juvenile Diabetes or Insulin Dependent type Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). Type 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children. Couch et al. (2008) states, â€Å"Juvenile diabetes affects about 1 in every 400-600 children and more than 13,000 are diagnosed yearly† (pg. 1). A 2014 CDC fact sheet concerning diabetes, showed that, â€Å"In adults, type 1 diabetes accounts for approximately 5%Read MoreDiabetes Symptoms, Causes And Treatments1479 Words   |  6 PagesENC1101 23 November 2015 Diabetes Symptoms, Causes and Treatments Diabetes is a disease in which people suffer from high blood sugar levels and because of this it begins to cause damage to parts of the body. Though diabetes affects a person’s sugar levels which will then affect how they function throughout the day, it is the affects that diabetes has on main parts of the body that make function difficult. The main parts of the body that become affected due to diabetes are the eyes, kidneysRead MoreThe Rise Of Diabetes1345 Words   |  6 Pagesis growing and with-it diabetes. But what is diabetes? What causes it? What does it do to the body and what are some risk factors? The Centers for Disease Control described how diabetes refers to a group of conditions that are characterized by a high level of blood glucose, commonly referred to as blood sugar. Too much sugar in the blood can cause serious, sometimes life-threatening problems. The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) in the article Projection of Diabetes Burden Through 2050 saysRead MoreDiabetes : The Silent Killer1138 Words   |  5 Pagesdiseases that fill our world today, but one stands out above all, diabetes. Not only is diabetes bad, but its known as the silent killer. Most people don’t know they have diabetes until its too late. There are four types of diabetes but the only one that isn’t as life threatening is pre diabetes. Pre diabetes is one of the most common ways a person can come close to stoping diabetes. Not just any type, but type two diabetes. Pre diabetes is a condition where a person’s blood glucose levels are higherRead MoreDiabetes : An Endocrine System Disorder1210 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes mellitus, or better known as Diabetes, is an endocrine system disorder. In this case, your body is unable to produce enough or any insulin at all. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, has a very important role. When sugar is ingested from food, it is turned into energy for the cells in our body. Without insulin, the transfer of sugar into the cells would be compromised. Insulin is also vital to keep the right balance of sugar in the bloodstream (He ss-Fischl, 2015). If too much insulinRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus As A Disability1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe amount of patients being diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus has sky-rocketed these past few years. ‘†In 2010 the figures were 25.8 million and 8.3%†Ã¢â‚¬  and has increased in ‘†2012 to 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3%.†(American Diabetes Association, 2014); it is seen nationwide, and has now even begun to affect our youth. In South Texas Diabetes Mellitus seems to be the number one thriving disease affecting its general population. Diabetes Mellitus is now one of the most widely known diseases thatRead MoreThe Sugar Disease921 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors related to diabetes and improved the understanding of the types of diabetes so that prevention and treatment is possible for this disease. I. Insulin and glucose are the two main components that are involved and affected by diabetes. A. Insulin is a hormone that is released by the pancreas. B. Glucose is nourishment that cells need to be fueled. II. The two types of diabetes are probable diseases that can be developed by anyone because of multiple risks. A. Type One diabetes is caused by theRead MoreHealth Problem Of Diabetes And Obesity1182 Words   |  5 PagesPublic Health Problem Diabetes is a deficiency in the body’s ability to metabolize sugar. Insulin is the hormone which typically regulates this process. There are two types of diabetes. The first is type 1. This is caused due to a failure in the insulin producing cells of the pancreas and is diagnosed when a person is young. Type 2 diabetes is the more common diabetes. It can be diagnosed at any time and occurs when blood glucose levels begin to rise higher than normal. This is also called hyperglycemia

Standardized Test And Measure A Student s Scholastic...

A standardized test: an exam to measure a student s scholastic performance. Though this definition holds merit in its general meaning, it does not take into account whether the exam is unbiased, fair, or accurate. Mainly, in part, due to the questions presented in the exam, as well as the fact that the questions and answers to the test are made by subjective human beings, certain biases can be seen in a standardized test. These biases include the favoring of the dominant culture, people of a certain English dialect, along with students who come from a functional academic curriculum. The inaccuracy of the test can also be seen since the assessments provided in the test do not capture the full extent of what students know and can do. Consequently, when looking into the issue of whether standardized testing is a fair assessment of one s overall knowledge or achievement in one s educational career, one ought ask whether the use of standardized testing for the assessment of a future colle ge student s mental capabilities the ideal form of showing a student s true potential in both academic and real life settings? One should also question whether standardized testing has grounds to determine whether a person is qualified for higher educational opportunities. In addition, for many years, standardized tests such as the SAT and ACT have been known for their ability to measure and assess how well a student will do in his or her college life; however, in recent years, studiesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Standardized Testing in Schools1399 Words   |  6 PagesViews on Standardized Testing Standardized testing has long been a controversial method of assessment in our schools. Such tests are important indicators of student achievement and aptitude. However, some standardized test scores have been misused as a manner in which to track students, allocate school funds, and even determine teacher pay. Standardized tests, when used appropriately and for the right reasons, can adequately determine a students present level of strengths and weaknesses and hisRead More The Fairness Of Academic Evaluation Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;American students used to pass from grade to grade with few complications. Getting into a college was effortless and acquiring degrees was a piece of cake. In 1983, A Nation at Risk was published and Americans realized how inferior their education systems really were. Due to the decline in test scores in American schools, education standards became much stricter and new intelligence exams were introduced. Presently, standa rdized testing, such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the AmericanRead MoreStandardized Aptitude : What If Someone Told You?1341 Words   |  6 PagesGosia Gabrys English 110 January 13, 2015 Standardized Aptitude What if someone told you, they could tell whether you were successful based a multiple-choice test? Charles Murray believes this clam to be true that only those with the highest SAT scores should attend college as he states in his essay â€Å"Are Too Many People Going To College?† In his, article he explain that high-test scores are a strong predictor for student success because it measure a students’ intelligence or aptitude for higher educationRead MoreThe Unfairness Of Standardized Tests Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe Unfairness of Standardized Tests The practice of standardized testing is one that is ancient, dating back to the practice of making government prospects to take examinations to test their knowledge in Confucian philosophy and poetry (Fletcher 2009). The idea of using standardized testing in colleges admissions came first from the introduction of the SAT in 1926, followed by The ACT created in 1959. Growing in popularity, both tests became accepted at many different universities across the nationRead More Racial and Cultural Test Bias, Stereotype Threat and Their Implications3799 Words   |  16 PagesRacial and Cultural Test Bias, Stereotype Threat and Their Implications A substantial amount of educational and psychological research has consistently demonstrated that African American students underperform academically relative to White students. For example, they tend to receive lower grades in school (e.g., Demo Parker, 1987; Simmons, Brown, Bush, Blyth, 1978), score lower on standardized tests of intellectual ability (e.g., Bachman, 1970; Herring, 1989; Reyes Stanic, 1988; SimmonsRead MoreEssay about Meanings of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior1355 Words   |  6 PagesUntil several years ago, many students who were classified as having ID or assigned into an inclusion classroom were not expected to participate in standardized testing, however as late, everyone in public schools is expected to participate in standardized assessments. Some educators are happy with the change while others are concerned the assessments are not an accurate assessment of what students actually know. For many students with learning disabilities, standardized asse ssments often don’t accuratelyRead MoreStandardized Testing For Students Knowledge Of Materials And General Intelligence1598 Words   |  7 Pagesideas about how to formally assess student achievement. By the early 1900’s, statewide testing programs were becoming very common. Since then, the U.S. has been using standardized testing to assess students’ knowledge of materials and general intelligence (Alcocer). Standardized tests do not accurately assess students’ knowledge or academic potential. Many educational professionals feel that without standardized testing there would be no consistency in measuring student achievement and assessing the efficiencyRead MoreGetting Into College : A Stressful Time Of A Senior s Life1243 Words   |  5 PagesGetting into college is a very stressful time in a senior’s life. It’s a time full of deadlines, tests, and apprehension about the next chapter of life. It’s a time of college visits, college applications, scholarship applications, essays, and interviews. Students have the pressure of completing their senior year with strong grades, thinking about what career path they may choose, where they might like to attend college, how is it going to get paid for, and in addition to all that, they have theRead MoreStandardized Testing Is A Common Routine Part Of Their School Year1202 Words   |  5 Pages17 November 2016 [INSERT TITLE HERE] For students of all ages across the United States, standardized testing has become a common routine part of their school year. Many laws have been passed over the years, requiring countless standardized tests throughout a student’s educational career for every student.This educational norm has been implemented for the past eighty years for the purpose of allowing comparisons to be made among schools in regards to student achievement, ensuring accountability forRead MoreGroup Intelligence And Scholastic Aptitude Tests992 Words   |  4 PagesTesting, Group Intelligence and Scholastic Aptitude tests are used more frequently within school settings as administration requires little training on the examiners part since directions are outlined clearly in their respective manuals. Such tests are cost efficient, requires simpler materials, evaluate students’ performance and include; Cognitive Abilities test (CogAT), Kahlmann-Anderson Test, Test of Cognitive Skills (TCS/2) and The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, 8th edition (OLSAT8). The CogAT

Flight 1420, A Preventable Disaster free essay sample

Flight 1420 was a disaster that taught the aviation community several important lessons. All the Seven Major Elements of Aviation safety can be seen as contributing factors but the greatest factor was human error and the impact of pilot fatigue. With proper preventative measures, the pilots probably would have had the time to arm the MD-82’s spoiler system and the flight would have touched down safely. On June 1st, 1999 American Airlines flight 1420 experienced a tragic accident that claimed many lives and made an impact on aviation worldwide. The event and it subsequent investigation shed light on issues and pressures airline pilots face and resulted in new technologies and new regulation that have made aviation safer for all pilots and passengers. Any aviation accident that results in the death of pilots or passengers is a tragedy but these accidents present lessons to be learned through investigation of the human factors, industry efforts and regulation and other factors of aviation safety. American Airlines Flight 1420 is an excellent example of James Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model of accident causation, whereby causal factors in an accident slowly slip by preventative measures until they compound into a preventable accident. A variety of contributable actions and conditions ultimately lined up to create the opportunity for a major accident to occur. The first action in the chain can be found in the flight plan from Dallas-Ft Worth International Airport to fly to Little Rock National Airport in between two converging storms, called a â€Å"bowling alley† by the flight dispatcher. The aircraft was on its final leg, on a multi-leg flight that started at Chicago O’Hare and the conclusion of a 3-day sequence for the flight crew. The plan to race the storm was not in violation of any company policy or Federal Aviation Regulation but could be deemed risky. The pilots were experienced Captain Richard Buschman and inexperienced First Officer Michael Origel, and both were willing to try and fly between the storms to reach Little Rock. At this point in time, the flight was already two hours delayed and the pilots were already under heavy pressure to make up lost time. (Singer, 2003) This could have hypothetically set the stage for future mistakes and reckless behavior to occur. Later in the event, the pilots would be faced with an extremely heavy workload and it could be assumed the anxiety only compounded on initial worries. As the flight progressed, and the aircraft approached its destination, the flight crew had some confusing interchanges with Little Rock Air Traffic Control (ATC). It became apparent that Little Rock ATC had inferior weather technology compared to the American Airlines McDonald Douglas MD-82 and the controller instructed the flight crew to make their own weather analysis based on the onboard weather radar. (Singer, 2003) Little Rock ATC was equipped with a monochromatic radar that inhibited the controller from noticing the strength and intensity of the approaching storm, enhanced technology could have enabled the controller to alert the aircrew (who may not have been as knowledgeable of weather systems) to the growing intensity of the weather. To compound an already stressful situation ATC also informed the inbound aircraft that surface winds were gusting up to 45 knots, this far exceeded the MD-82’s crosswind limitation of 25 knots. The crosswind limitations for the MD-82 also are specified for dry runways, Flight 1420 was going to be landing in a thunderstorm and crosswind capability on a wet runway is 15 knots. The aircrew decided that since the wind direction was 40 degrees from their vector for the runway and that the aircraft could safely land and the flight continued as planned. As the aircraft neared the airport the aircraft began sending pilot’s windshear warnings via the flight deck computer. The aircrew requested an alternate runway and diverged from the planned approach and requested an alternate landing on runway 4R, opposite of 22L (which was the planned runway). This was a wise decision as landing in a tailwind is one of the most precarious situations a pilot can face, but the added workload of developing a new landing pattern from scratch added one more layer of stress and pressure to the issues that had been mounting since Dallas Ft.Worth. The alternate runway pattern added an additional ten minutes to the pilot’s 2 hour delay. The pilot workload exponentially increased as the aircraft entered in a new pattern and began to have great difficulty establishing a visual fix on the airport. When asked if the aircraft was going to shoot an ILS approach or continue on visual the captain elected to remain on a visual approach. Afterward it can be guessed that Captain Buschman didn’t expect the storm to intensify even further as he neared the field. The aircrew lost sight of the field as the storm worsened and was given approach vectors by ATC. The flight deck voice recorder indicated there was confusion between the pilots and there was a disparity between what one pilot was observing as opposed to the other. (NTSB 2001) As the aircraft finally was lined up final approach the runway visibility dropped to less than 1 mile with a runway visual range of 3000 feet. The crew had a brief disagreement on whether to continue the landing and elected to attempt it. On approach wind were gusting at 45 knots. The aircrew was under immense pressure as the aircraft descended, running through landing checklist, countering the crosswinds and dealing with last-minute configuration changes. The aircrew then made the critical error; they did not arm the spoiler system or the automatic braking system. The spoilers on the MD-82 are designed to disrupt airflow over the wings and eliminate lift so that the weight of the aircraft transfers fully to the wheels. As the aircraft touched down at high speeds, the spoilers never deployed. The aircrafts wheels only supported 10% of the aircraft’s weight as it careened down the runway. (NTSB, 2001) The aircrew noticed that the aircraft was sliding and not losing airspeed, Captain Buschman immediately deployed full brakes. The brakes on the MD-82 would have engaged automatically but were never armed to do so, this isn’t wrong as it is an optional function and the Captain opted to not arm them. However the aircrew also expected the spoilers to deploy and crucial seconds were lost in the pilot’s reaction time. From the cockpit Captain Buschman’s words were â€Å"Were down, were sliding†. The reverse thrust was immediately applied, however too much was used, exceeding the aircrafts recommended pressure ratio. This also is not necessarily wrong as the MD-82 flight manual states that exceeding recommended reverse thrust is acceptable in the event of an emergency. However, the aircraft was still technically flying and the result was a total loss of control as the aircraft began yawing wildly. The aircraft slid of the end runway and slammed into a steel walkway. The walkway was part of  the landing system for runway 22L, most systems like this are designed to be â€Å"frangible†, meaning they will shear off easily after impact. This landing system however was on the slopes of the Arkansas River bed and was firmly rooted underground. Contact with this walkway broke the aircraft into 3 parts and ignited the fuel system; it also killed Captain Buschman instantly. Many passengers revived the crash; emergency services arrived promptly on the scene and began evacuating people from the crash site. Most of the passengers escaped the crash, however 10 were fatally injured. Among 139 passengers, 41 had serious injuries, 64 had minor injuries and 24 escaped unharmed. This qualifies the accident of Flight 1420 as a Fatal, Major Accident. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the crash; its lead investigator was Gregory Feith. The NTSB set up a command center on site and spent 2 months in the field collecting data. The investigation was conclusive; some of the areas examined were the tire marks from the aircraft skidding which lent evidence that the aircraft was unable to slow down even with full braking pressure applied. Analysis from the flight computer showed the corrective actions the pilot attempted during the skidding; suggesting that the aircraft was still generating lift long after the aircraft had been grounded. Testimony from the passengers and evidence taken from metallurgist confirmed that the aircraft spoilers did not deploy in the entire course of the landing and crash. (Associated Press, 1999) The investigator also did widespread test on airframes similar to the MD-82 to determine if a spoiler malfunction could be found anywhere else in the industry, no compelling evidence was found to indicate the aircraft had a malfunction. The NTSB also tested the runway extensively for unserviceability and ability to transfer water, the runway was found to be serviceable. The classification for the crash was fatal as the pilot and 10 passengers suffered fatal injuries. In 2001, two years after the crash the NTSB finalized their report and listed the following as the probable cause; NTSB (2001) â€Å"The flight crew’s failure to discontinue the approach even when severe thunderstorms and their associated hazards to flight operations has moved into the area and the crew’s failure to ensure the spoilers extended after touchdown. There were numerous legal charges and lawsuits following the crash. In hearings afterward the co-pilot claimed to have called for an abandoned approach but no evidence could be found that supported his claim. (Lunsford 1999) The legal impacts encompassed both a domestic and international passengers. Air Traffic Control technology was an element in the disaster. Little Rock ATC was not equipped with advanced radar equipment that could determine the magnitude of storms. The Dallas Ft.  Worth Flight Dispatcher also did not have access to real time weather such as a Doppler Radar, and was unable to give the flight updated weather information. (NTSB, 2001) If the flight dispatcher or Little Rock ATC had been equipped with a greater weather system they would have been able to alert the crew of the sudden increase in storm intensity. The aircraft weather technology played a role as well. The MD-82 is equipped with windshear detection that functioned as it should, however such technologies did not sound alerts until the aircraft was in the middle of the adverse weather. The MD-82 is also equipped with advanced weather radar technology and the pilots could see the progression of the storm. However subsequent investigations show that the aircrew may not have had the training needed to interpret the radar effectively. (NTSB, 2001) Human Factors, such as stress and fatigue had a major role in Flight 1420’s accident. Industry-wide studies showed evidence that willingly flying into thunderstorms was a common practice. Studies were conducted that observed Dallas Ft. Worth airport during convective weather it was found that 2 out of 3 pilots would continue into a thunderstorm. The term â€Å"get-there-itis†, meaning a symptom of pilot recklessness when behind schedule was coined during the trials and became studied throughout the airline industry. American Airlines has since revamped its human resource policies to address rest and fatigue, the airline also incorporates new training modules designed to train aircrews to challenge each other en flight on action items (such as arming spoilers). During the crash investigation, a test was also conducted to show the aircrew’s likelihood of error related to their Time Since Awakening (TSA). As to be expected it was found that pilots begin to make errors exponential to their fatigue level. Captain Buschman and First Officer Origel had both been awake over thirteen hours, a critical TSA period in which pilots are 40% more likely to make critical errors. (NTSB, 2001) American Airlines changed many of their operating regulations and policies following the accident. One measure is a revised landing checklist to include arming spoilers, also it specifies it is the non-flying pilot’s duty to challenge all the action items on the checklist and it is the specific duty of the flying pilot to arm the spoilers. American Airlines also made changes to its go-around policy and explicitly states now that electing a go-around for diversion is reprise-free. The Flight Safety department of American Airlines also revamped its operational practices to focus more on identifying and tracking big-picture operational trends and revised thunderstorm procedures. A measure was also clarifying landing limits for pilots, especially in convective weather. Pilots of American Airlines also have weather radar familiarization and now carry a weather radar booklet during the flight. (NTSB 2001) The Massachusetts Institutes of Technology’s (MIT) study on the behavior of pilots flying into thunderstorms made large impact industry efforts as well as on safety data analysis. Not only was it observed that 2 out of 3 pilots will fly into a strong thunderstorm but that pilots were more likely to not accept a diversion the closer to the end-goal they got. The NTSB recommended a standard crew duty day be implemented to help pilots avoid the risk high-TSA flight time. (NTSB, 2001) If the trend of pilots flying into dangerous territory had been spotted earlier, airline management could have taken steps to change organizational culture to discourage â€Å"get-there-itis†. American Airline’s Safety Action Program shifted its focus to identifying similar trends and many airlines worldwide adopted related policies. It can be gathered that different methods of gathering safety data could have exposed this trend earlier. The events of flight 1420 forever changed the lives of the passengers, their families and the employees of American Airlines. (Harter, 2001) This incident had a wide-range of impacts on the aviation industry; many airlines became aware of the dangers of pressuring pilots to adhere to deadlines, and the reckless behavior that can result from it. Many airlines realized a training gap existed in pilot’s ability to interpret and make decisions based on weather radar. Also pilots learned that performing task in the cockpit should be the responsibility of all pilots involved, that even experienced and seasoned pilots can make great mistakes under duress. Hopefully the lessons learned have saved other lives somewhere in the world of aviation and hopefully the industry continues learn and improve from this tragedy.

Internet of Things (IOT)

Question: Discuss about theInternet of Things (IOT). Answer: Introduction: The organization is a small research and development company based out of Melbourne. The objective of the organization is to enable the customers with innovative IoT applications that are at par with the latest technology. These will ensure enhanced customer satisfaction with the ease of usability. Purpose The purpose of the document is to highlight two IoT applications that will be developed by the organization. It will also cover the data security and privacy issues that will be a part of the applications along with the impact of the same on the organization. IoT Applications Application 1 Healthcare is the basic service that is a necessary for one and all. Customers look for advanced applications and techniques and prefer the same over traditional practices in the world of Healthcare. IoT has the potential to introduce innovation in healthcare by developing an application that would promote consumer driven healthcare through digital transformation. The organization can develop an IoT application that would collect data from all the viable sources such as hospital rooms, laboratories, medical history of the patient, patient monitoring devices and likewise. This data can then be used to perform analytics to come up with medical reports and conclusions (Chamberlin, 2016). Tele-medication and remote patient monitoring will be the two major features that will be catered by the application to support remote healthcare. The application will enable the citizens of Melbourne along with the ones residing at other geographical locations to incorporate latest technology in the field of healthcare. Medical and healthcare professionals will also benefit from the same ("IoT multiplies risk of attack", 2015). The application will be usable locally as well as on the global platform owing to the requirement of healthcare services by people of all the age groups, communities and genders. Application 2 With the increase in population, it has become troublesome for the citizens of Melbourne to find a place for parking their vehicles. There are many who do not use their vehicle due the effort that is required in searching for a place to park. The problem will be overcome by the development of a smart parking system amalgamated with the IoT techniques. The application will largely benefit the organization as this is the major problem that is faced by a majority of people of Melbourne. The application will work by integrating the location and technology features and will list down the number and specific spot of empty parking slots in a specific area. It will enable the user to enter the location which he/she is visiting and will display all the available parking slots in the exact and nearby locations (Mehta, 2016). The solution will allow the application to be used in Melbourne along with other parts of the world as it will solely work on the GPS based location entered by the user. Data Security and Privacy Issues IoT applications open the path for a number of data security and privacy issues and the case is the same for the suggested applications that can be developed by the organization. Application one that has been recommended above deals with the healthcare information of the users which is extremely private and sensitive in nature. There are a number of risks and threats to this information as the application can allow the intruders to enter the system and gain unauthorized access to the information. The information that is transmitted from one source to the destination can be monitored and then misused. This will adversely affect the security and privacy of the information associated with a particular patient or a healthcare institution. There will also be a number of security vulnerabilities and attacks on the associated systems in the form of denial of service and distributed denial of service attacks (www.ftc.gov, 2016). There are also a number of data security and privacy issues that may emerge in case of the second application as well. The intruders may retrieve the information of the location of a particular user in an unauthorized manner which may appear as a critical risk (downloads.cloudsecurityalliance.org, 2016). The attackers may also target a particular vehicle by acquiring the parking information associated with the same and may attempt to cause damage to either the vehicle or the owner. Negative Impacts on the Organization There can be a few negative impacts on the organization that will be associated with the suggested IoT applications. If these applications are not correctly implemented, there will be issues in the promised features of the same. It will bring down the name of the organization in the market and will also lower down the trust and satisfaction among the customers. Also, if the attackers succeed in acquiring the healthcare information of the patients, there can be legal penalties and punishments issues for the organization. IoT is an area that is being researched by a number of different parties to come up with innovation quickly. There can also be scenarios wherein similar applications with more number of features are launched by the competitors which will bring down the market value of the organization (www.internet-of-things-research.eu, 2016). Conclusion IoT is an innovative concept that makes use of Internet and the appliances to enable the users to have automated systems installed in every single activity they perform. It integrates a number of devices and has emerged as one of the prime subjects of research and development in the present era (Narasimha Murthy Vijaya Kumar, 2015). The two applications that can be developed by the organization include healthcare application and an advanced parking system. Both of these applications will overcome the challenges that are faced by the users in the current situation. Recommendations IoT has a great potential in the field of healthcare and automated parking system. There can be a number of countermeasures that can be adopted to prevent the data security and privacy risks associated with these applications. Identity management is one of the prime security measure and the other is the access management through the use of strong passwords, One Time Passwords, Single Sign On/Off and likewise. There can also be malware and network controls that may be applied to make sure that the network and malware threats are avoided. References Chamberlin, B. (2016). Healthcare Internet of Things: 18 trends to watch in 2016. IBM Center for Applied Insights. Retrieved 19 August 2016, from https://ibmcai.com/2016/03/01/healthcare-internet-of-things-18-trends-to-watch-in-2016/ downloads.cloudsecurityalliance.org,. (2016). Security Guidance for Early Adopters of the Internet of Things (IoT). Retrieved 19 August 2016, from https://downloads.cloudsecurityalliance.org/whitepapers/Security_Guidance_for_Early_Adopters_of_the_Internet_of_Things.pdf IoT multiplies risk of attack. (2015). Network Security, 2015(5), 20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(15)30041-6 Mehta, Y. (2016). 5 Great Internet of Things Startup Ideas - DZone IoT. dzone.com. Retrieved 19 August 2016, from https://dzone.com/articles/internet-of-things-iot-startup-ideas Narasimha Murthy, D. Vijaya Kumar, B. (2015). Internet of Things (IoT): Is IoT a Disruptive Technology or a Disruptive Business Model?. Indian Journal Of Marketing, 45(8), 18. https://dx.doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2015/v45/i8/79915 www.ftc.gov,. (2016). Internet of things Privacy Security in a Connected World. Retrieved 19 August 2016, from https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-staff-report-november-2013-workshop-entitled-internet-things-privacy/150127iotrpt.pdf www.internet-of-things-research.eu,. (2016). IoT Governance, Privacy and Security Issues. Retrieved 19 August 2016, from https://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IERC_Position_Paper_IoT_Governance_Privacy_Security_Final.pdf